Radar

Radar is a core market that contains military and defense-related equipment that operates in the RF wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum to generate, transmit, receive and/or process signals for the purpose of gathering intelligence, performing surveillance and reconnaissance, countering threats, or providing target information. This market contains radar signature generators, radar sensors, and radar-related EW systems.

This document contains definitions for the market, customer missions, unique market attributes, and market subsystem types.

The Radar market includes:

Military ground, sea, air, and space based radars;
Non-military ground, sea, air, and space based radars dedicated to national homeland defense;
Ground, sea, and air-based Radar Electronic Warfare systems;
Development (government funded), production, and support programs;
Significant radar and Radar EW upgrade programs;
Service and Support contracts.

The Radar market does not include:

Commercial radars (e.g. commercial air carriers);
State and local government radars;
Radar IFF systems (Covered in the Mil Communication market);
Platform central computers that support multiple avionics/electronic systems;
Radars imbedded in weapons to provide guidance and navigation (refer to the Missile and PGW databases);
Radar signature generators for use in testing and/or training environments (refer to the Simulation and Training market)
Support structures, buildings, vehicles, platforms that support radars and EW systems;
Company-funded research and development;
Government budget for overhead and program management.

Radar Customer Function

Air Search	Air Search radars can be either ship- or land-based, and search large areas for airborne objects such as aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and cruise missiles. Air Search Radars usually provide target information to Search/Track/Target and/or Fire Control Radars (FCR).
ATC Mil-Radar	Designed for en route and/or terminal air traffic management and control activities. Transponder dependent “Secondary Radars” that track targets based on their Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) response are contained in the MilComm database.
Counter-Battery	Systems designed to detect, track and fix the origin of ballistic ordnance (e.g., rockets, mortars and artillery shells.
Decoys	Systems providing one or more false targets to lure an attacking system away from its intended target.
Early Warning	Systems used for long range detection and tracking of potentially hostile airborne or space borne objects. Includes the primary radar on Airborne Early Warning (AEW) aircraft.
ESM Receiver	A passive listening system that detects analyzes and/or records and/or automatically recognizes intercepted signals. Electronic Support Measure (ESM) receivers can range from the relatively simple to the highly sophisticated.
EW Suite (Radar)	Passive ESM receiver or RWR integrated with one or more countermeasure sub-system, e.g. Jammer, Decoy.
Fire Control	Single-function or multi-function airborne tactical radar or, single-function land and ship-based radars that track threats and enable the ability of a weapon or gun system to achieve target intercept.
Ground Surveillance	Land-based radar primarily intended to detect and track ground targets (including humans). Typical uses include force protection, homeland security, border surveillance, or industrial security applications. Capabilities could also include perimeter protection around sensitive areas and/or intrusion alerting.
Jammer	Active countermeasure systems that operate disrupt/deny information to hostile systems operating in the radar electro-magnetic frequency spectrum.
Navigation	On aircraft, specialized radars used for nap-of-the-earth flight control (i.e., Terrain Following Radar (TFR)). On ships, typically a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) radar, nominally meeting the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), requiring a 9 GHz radar for safe navigation.
Radar Altimeter	Single-function, active fixed-aperture aircraft system operating in the radar portion of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum, providing information on the aircraft height above ground level (AGL).
Search/Track/Target	Multi-function ship and ground-based radars providing detection, tracking and identification for targets of interest. The track and targeting functions are supported within the same aperture as the search function, or are not separately identified. This designation is also used for systems, such as ship and ground-based AESAs, which may also provide EW and other functionality within the common aperture.
Surface Search	Ship-based radars that scan the surface out to the radar horizon for ships, periscopes, and coastal features.
Surveillance / Reconnaissance	These radars are usually located on airborne platforms and provide detailed information/images of land or sea based objects or areas of interest. Also includes space-based radars and ground-based radars searching/tracking objects in space.
Warning Receiver	Passive systems that provide warning signals related to immediate hostile/attacking systems such as when a target is being illuminated by a fire control radar. Commonly referred to as “RWR” for Radar Warning Receiver.
VTS/Coastal Surv Radar	Land-based radar used for Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) and/or for coastal/off-shore surveillance.
Multiple	This category includes any instance when the record involves more than one functional segment, for example, omnibus service contracts covering broad areas.
Other	This category is used when the record cannot be explicitly described by another functional segmentation category.
Research & Technology	Broad based and general radar technology.
Unidentified R&D	A modeled estimate of R&D Sales not yet identified.

Radar Attributes

Radio Frequency

Radio Frequency is an attribute field that specifies the frequency band based on the NATO standard.

A (30-250 MHz)
B (250-500 MHz)
C (500-1,000 MHz)
D (1-2 GHz)
E (2-3 GHz)
E/F (2-4 GHz)
F (3-4 GHz)
G (4-6 GHz)
G/H (4-8 GHz)
H (6-8 GHz)
I (8-10 GHz)
I/J (8-20 GHz)
J (10-20 GHz)
K (20-40 GHz)
L (40-60 GHz)
M (60-100 GHz)
ELF (30-300 Hz)
ULF (300 - 3000 Hz)
VLF (3 - 30 kHz)
LF (30 - 300 kHz)
MF (300 - 3000 kHz)
HF (3-30 MHz)
Broadband - Two or more contiguous bands not otherwise described below
Multi-Band - Two or more none-contiguous bands
Variable - Manufacturer sells same basic radar with different frequency options, undetermined by Markets Forecast.
Unknown - Frequency band has not been determined by Markets Forecast.
Other - Frequency range is not well described by any of the choices.
NA - Used when designation of an RF frequency band is inappropriate.
TBD - Frequency band has not been selected.

LPI

Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radars reflect characteristics that render a transmitted signal more difficult to detect by others, although LPI is difficult to define quantitatively. The transmit signal of a radar cannot be made undetectable, but many things can be done to minimize that range at which a “stealthy” signal can be detected and/or place very high demands on the ESM/RWR receiver doing the detecting. LPI techniques include minimizing the peak and average power of the transmitted signal, while spreading and encoding the signal across a broad frequency band, using highly sophisticated techniques. In the Markets Forecast database, we do not attempt to apply quantitative thresholds supporting the classification of a radar as LPI. Rather, we classify a radar as LPI: (1) if the supplier asserts that the system is an LPI radar, or (2) if knowledgeable sources make that assertion. The following are valid entries in this field.

LPI	The supplier has asserted that the system is an LPI radar, or a knowledgeable source has made that assertion, or the requirement suggests that LPI offers a competitive advantage.
NA	The radar is passive or consideration of LPI characteristics is inappropriate, e.g. active or passive EW system.
Non-LPI	There is no basis on which to assert that the radar is LPI and/or the requirement does not suggest that LPI offers a competitive advantage.
TBD	The system has not been identified and/or an LPI requirement is not determinable.

Radar Types

Many Markets Forecast customers are interested in how the radar market is separated based on the “type” of radar, where type is determined by the dominant architectural feature, rather than the operating frequency or functional segment. We have not found a taxonomy that proposes to classify radar equipment using mutually exclusive “types” and we believe there is an inevitable overlap of different “types” in any modern radar system. Nonetheless, we allow the following list of primary “types”, recognizing that this list is NOT mutually exclusive.

Phased Array	Phased Arrays use individual phase shifters for each element in a 2-dimensional array of antenna elements, creating a more precise and rapidly controlled transmitted signal. Typically stationary or “staring”, phased array radar forms a single beam that can be rapidly repositioned through the phase-shifter architecture. PESA and AESA radars are advanced versions of a phased array that are able to form multiple simultaneous beams.
AESA	Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) uses an array populated by many hundreds of individual Transmit/Receive (T/R) modules located at the face of the antenna. AESA architectures provide for multiple simultaneous multi- function beams with additional benefits of durability and graceful degradation as individual T/R modules fail. It is the “state of the art” as of 2014.
PESA	Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) is a technological precursor of the AESA, employing a high power transmitter to feed the T/R modules rather than having all power generated within the T/R module. PESA is less efficient than AESA, but is capable of producing far more transmitted power.
Bi-Static	Bi-static radar has the receiver geographically distant from the transmitter. Examples are missile seekers that employ semi-active homing, e.g. with the target illuminator on the ship and a receiver in the missile seeker.
Multi-Static	Static radars have multiple transmitters and/or receivers that are spatially dispersed. Information is typically fused at a central facility.
SAR	Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) creates an artificially large antenna derived from the velocity of the radar platform.
ISAR	Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) creates a 2-dimensional image of the target derived from the motions of the target, supporting non-cooperative target classification, e.g., distinguishing a naval combatant from a commercial tanker.
Passive	Passive radars collect echoes off targets from ambient, non- coordinated active sources such as TV and radio transmitters.
Other (Solid State)	This category includes radars that transmit at relatively low power, with the radar transmitter consisting entirely of silicon and gallium arsenide transistor technology, in parallel and series, to generate modest power with high reliability.
Other	This category covers the majority of radar systems, and all system architectures not encompassed by the definitions describing the more specialized architectures in the paragraphs above. These radars use tube-based technology to generate the transmitted signal and are typically rotating/mechanically scanning, single beam architectures.

Radar Subsystems

System Integrator	The portion of the program related to integrating all of the subsystems into the forecasted Item and performing the program management. This role is typically filled by the Item System/Service Supplier.
Transmitter	The portion of the system related to signal(s) generation and transmission (Hardware and Software, if applicable).
Receiver	The portion of the system related to signal(s) reception (Hardware and Software, if applicable).
T/R System	The T/R System is a module in an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA). The T/R module in an AESA is a self
Processor	The portion of the system related to processing signal informational content (if applicable).
Antenna	The portion of the program related to signal propagation and directional aspects (Hardware and Software, if applicable).
Mission Software	The portion of the Radar system related to mission software. Advanced Radar systems are relying increasingly more on complex software packages to encode, decode, adjust wavelengths, build information packages and conduct content modulation in order to maximize device utilization across many applications.
Licensor	The portion of the system’s value related to providing raw technology. A Licensor’s role can be compared to a low
Sys Eng & Tech Assistance (SETA)	System Engineering and Technical Assistance (SETA). The government often needs to supplement its internal Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance capability in order to meet its frequently changing needs and demands. SETA contractors provide analysis and engineering services in a consulting capacity, working closely with the government's own engineering staff members. SETA contractors provide the flexibility and quick availability of expertise without the expense and commitment of sustaining the staff long-term.
Scientific & Engineering Support	Where not specifically stated as SETA, other scientific and engineering support services. The work performed in this area deals with the conduct of analytical, experimental, investigative and other fact finding work in the natural and physical sciences, along with the operation and maintenance of the equipment required for these purposes. Examples would be: engineering related studies, scientific research and support, writing technical manuals, chemical, biological and other testing services; architect-engineer services; environmental planning and engineering services; and other technical services.
Ops-MGT Services	Operations and management, are generally non-engineering and non-technical services. Examples: operating and managing facilities (Facilities or Warehouse Managers); infrastructure tasks and oversight (Operations or Plant Managers); supervision and management services (Planning Manager; consulting and advisory services; program management; and providing other non-technical professional services. It is along the lines of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. It concerns itself with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization, and will have a focus on streamlining processes.
Maintenance Services	Maintenance, or technician specific servicing and general repairs. Examples: base maintenance and repair; non-specific platform repair and other technician maintenance services; staffing O&R depots; environmental remediation; and decontamination. These services may include, but are not limited to, preventative maintenance, emergency repairs, scheduled servicing, testing, and component replacements.
Training Services	Training activities to include syllabus preparation, manuals, documents, personnel, location and facilities, classroom devices and equipment, training simulations, and the successful completion of the training contract statement of work.
Sustainment Services	Sustainment, is the provision of personnel, logistic, and other support required to maintain and prolong operations or combat until successful accomplishment or revisions of the mission or the of the national objective. Examples: food service; fuel storage and shipment; security; supply airlift and sealift; and other storage services.
Other Work-Share Provider	A significant subcontractor whose contribution cannot be categorized in any of the other sections.
Unidentified R&D	A modeled estimate of R&D Sales not yet identified.